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Bias - Types

Detection bias:

Can be handled with Negative control outcomes

Immortal time bias

A distortion that modifies an association between an exposure and an outcome, caused when a cohort study is designed so that follow-up includes a period of time where participants in the exposed group cannot experience the outcome and are essentially ‘immortal’.

References

  1. Núñez I, Matthews AA. Detection bias and the role of negative control outcomes. BMJ Med. 2025 Jun 13;4(1):e001336. doi: 10.1136/bmjmed-2025-001336. PMID: 40529208; PMCID: PMC12172073.